textus receptus vs septuagint

REV. I like the no copyright, but I wouldnt quote it or use it. The Septuagint predates the earliest Masoretic text by centuries. The primary authority for a critical textual decision lies with the Greek manuscript tradition, with the version and Fathers serving no more than a supplementary and corroborative function, particularly in passages where their underlying Greek text cannot be reconstructed with absolute certainty. It gets copied and ends up in other manuscripts, Once a variant or a new reading enters the tradition, showing that five important early manuscripts combine to produce a total of. Thus, I treat it as my personal opinion. This is a rather dangerous way to come about your convictions and personal opinions. The other six occurrences in 1 Corinthians, including verse 10, all refer to the head as the body part that rests on the shoulders. Further assume you had two manuscripts to choose from when copying. There is one man who has proposed another model I find agreeable, and I confess I got many of my ideas from him. One has to wonder why we have the WEB, when we have a New American Standard Bible updating the ASV. Ill freely admit that this article isnt practical for most Christians. From that point forward, the Roman Catholic Church preferred to keep their manuscript tradition in Latin rather than Greek. Thats a ~1.4% variation, which is still fairly significant. I find the KJV Onlyists arguments to be extremely weak, to be honest, though itd be nice if that were the answer to this problem of textual and translational variation in Bibles. A theoretical presumption indeed remains that a majority of extant documents is more likely to represent a majority of ancestral documents at each stage of transmission than vice versa [but this] presumption is too minute to weight against the smallest tangible evidence of other kinds. Throughout Europe the Elzevir editions came to occupy a place of honor, and their text was employed as the standard one for commentary and collation. To think God will preserve scripture while feeling He has made no promise to do it equals wishful thinking. Further, well assume the persistence of errors, meaning faithful scribes will copy even the errors of previous scribes. This was a springboard for Bengels own critical work on the text, which was of particular interest to him as a student of Biblical prophecy. Thats why the overwhelming vast majority of our earliest Greek manuscripts come from one of the driest climates on the planet: Egypt. Thats much closer to an answer. However, their original work is still with us. A womans long hair is the symbol of authority, and notice that feminists almost universally have short(er) hair. Theres no other evidence for this so take with a grain of salt but they are the only two manuscripts that share that characteristic. Much of what Ive read over the years tends to elevate personal opinion and mud-slinging over an objective summary of the subject. The Textus Receptus is not just the half-dozen manuscripts of Erasmus. Each textual family (or text type) tends to contain similar readings to other manuscripts in its family, but the readings are different from the readings of other textual families. Their desire is to preserve the legacy of the NASB95, as well as incorporate two major changes: I had concluded before reading this that the Byzantine texts are likely the more accurate ones, since the Alexandrian texts have far more frequent errors and deviations between the copies. The Bible: 66 books vs 73 and Why (the Apocrypha Explained), Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (von) Tischendorf, You can read Tischendorfs entire account of finding it in his own words here. May the Lord continue to grow this character trait in you and continue to bless your studies and teaching skills. Please explain to your readers the import of the perfect tense used here. There is a doctrinal position that is held by many theologians which can be summarized with this statement: We can no more touch the preserved Word of God than we can the incarnate Christ. From your following statement, it seems clear that this is the position you take. Erasmus also lacked a complete copy of the Book of Revelation and translated the last six verses back into Greek from the Latin Vulgate to finish his edition. Personally, I would say the Textus Receptus is overall a very good document. It has often been stated by Majority Text advocates that good money pushes out bad, and the same principle can be applied to Textual Criticism. 12 I will praise Thee, O Lord my God, with all my heart: and I will glorify Thy name for evermore. These differences are minor, and pale into insignificance when compared with the approximately 6,000 differences (many of which are quite substantial) between the Alexandrian Critical Text and the Textus Receptus. Good read for the history and context of the KJV. I say intentionally because in at least one place, theres no other reason to translate the way they did other than a desire to change the text. Again, this is because of his earlier is better philosophy. Theres a window in our bedroom she couldve climbed out of. No Scholar . 1st generation: 2 correct copies, 1 incorrect copy (, 2nd generation: 4 correct copies, 3 incorrect copies. Further, it means all the manuscript findings of the last 140+ years are given very little consideration in modern Bibles. The first was Erasmus though, so lets take a closer look at it. Thanks, I remember from your previous post you recommend the ESV. The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Old Testament in common usage among non-Hebrew-speaking Jews around Jesus's time. Tischendorf himself might not have been sure. There are differences, but they arent large (relatively speaking). It goes like this: Please imagine that you were a scribe charged with copying the New Testament. Thank you for this wonderful, well informed article. Quote; Link to comment Share on other sites. We have thereby passed beyond purely numerical relations, and the necessity of examining the genealogy of both minority and majority has become apparent. The too lively satisfaction which I had displayed had aroused their suspicions as to the value of this manuscript. Every translation in every language, and every manuscript on which theyre based, differs. For example. (Please read John 15:5, 7, I Pet.1:23, 2 Pet.1:4, John 6:63) The mistake you have made in seeking to divorce the Living Word from the Written Word in the work of salvation is a grave error. The original texts were written in all capital letters and there were no spaces between the words. The Textus Receptus goes back to the early Christians. The B-I-B-L-E. And I know that, whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for ever: nothing can be put to it, nor any thing taken from it: and God doeth it, that men should fear before him. Ecclesiastes 3:14. But the word of our God stands forever.. Byzantine type was the pauline and arabic diatessaron of the texttype, by them when he prayed more, version of alexandrian text is the. Our opinions must be subjected to the word of God. (Theres an article about these other books here on Berean Patriot entitled: The Bible: 66 books vs 73 and Why (the Apocrypha Explained).). The practice of Textual Criticism is not criticizing the Bible, its trying to recover the Bibles original text. To be clear, the theory of Reasoned Eclecticism is very sound; its the application of it (thus far) that leaves something to be desired. I have a few books that help me find such things however, as I am sure you know, if someone has already done much of the legwork it gives you a good place to start. In many modern renderings, Of example I am still working on this article but I skimmed through to try and find a list of the 1% variants that are viable and change the context in a meaningful way. I refer you to the following article, quoting the beginning paragraph of the counter-argument: Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses, The reading that best conforms to the grammar and context of the sentence should be preferred, The reading that best conforms to the style and content of the author should be preferred. Darwin was so effective at this that he deceived many Christians with his evidence. They didnt want to pretend the evidence wasnt there, so they tried to harmonize the two theistic evolution. Psalm 40 6. 30 But many who are first will be last, and the last first. So no, this verse doesnt teach the Doctrine of Preservation. The Elzevir text is practically a reprint of the text of Beza 1565with about fifty minor differences in all. Church historian Timothy George says that Erasmus projects terminus a quo was 1504 when he discovered an ancient manuscript by Lorenzo Valla with notes about Pauls Epistles based on various Greek manuscripts. His prophecy wont fail. Your article clarified a few things for me and added some detail. We have it incredibly accurately. Thanks for your research! His name is James Snapp Jr. and he owns the blog: The Text of the Gospels, which I highly recommend. I was reading on a KJV only website that the NKJV does actually refer to the Hort text, just not as much as other modern versions. Irenaeus in the 2nd century, though not in Alexandria, made a similar admission on the state of corruption among New Testament manuscripts. So the Majority Text changes very significantly when you include just the other versional manuscripts. 1 O praise the LORD, all ye nations: praise him, all ye people. Great work! The (Byzantine) manuscripts from the Medieval period were substantially identical and beyond all question identical to those known in the second half of the fourth century. 7 Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever. Part 2 focuses more on the actual methodology. How can two walk together unless they be agreed? Not only do Homers works have more manuscript evidence available than any other piece of classical literature (though far less than that available for the NT), but Homer also is represented by MSS from a wide chronological and geographical range, from the early papyri through the uncials and Byzantine-era minuscules. The blurb said, in Latin, "This is the text that is received by all.". My biggest gripe with the TR is that it includes the story of the woman caught in adultery, despite the text of the story itself proving that its not scripture. Im not sure I would agree, but Im not sure Id disagree either. I really appreciate your article, Hi Author, Half the time Im at service or bible study Ill pull my phone out to check the Greek or a different translation. It doesnt mean they will enter the majority, but its a possibility. Matthew 20:16 New King James Version (NKJV) Thank you for all of your hard work and youre opinion and your honesty! And so saying, he took down from the corner of the room a bulky kind of volume, wrapped up in a red cloth, and laid it before me. NASB95 and NKJV are the two translations that I recommend, see my article on Bible translations for more detailed info on why. He proposed an approach which he calls Equitable Eclecticism which he explained in two articles. Second, Im hoping to steer the discussion on biblical text somewhat in the direction of not completely dismissing the Byzantine text out of hand. One thing the KJV had translation rules that were decided by the politics of the time, and those rules included this: When a Word hath divers Significations, that to be kept which hath been most commonly used by the most of the Ancient Fathers, being agreeable to the Propriety of the Place, and the Analogy of the Faith. When also, according to another prophetic word, Contempt was poured out upon rulers, and he caused them to wander in an untrodden and pathless way., It was in the nineteenth year of the reign of Diocletian, in the month Dystrus, called March by the Romans, when the feast of the Saviours passion was near at hand, thatroyal edicts were published everywhere, commanding that the churches be leveled to the ground and the Scriptures be destroyed by fire,and ordering that those who held places of honor be degraded, and that the household servants, if they persisted in the profession of Christianity, be deprived of freedom.. They believe that over time good manuscripts will push out bad manuscripts. However, in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version, which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate. Dean Burgon describes the quality of the scribal work in Vaticanus: Codex B [Vaticanus] comes to us without a history: without recommendation of any kind, except that of its antiquity. So yeah, its WAY more complicated than that article makes it seem. And all the glory of man as the flower of the grass. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius (161-180). By Bakershalfdozen July 14, 2008 in The Bible (KJV) Share More sharing options. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Bezas Greek text, generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishops Bible and other earlier English translations. In fact, when you see a Bible footnote that says the earliest and best manuscripts, they are almost universally talking about these two manuscripts, and only these two manuscripts. I am still hoping you will take some time to answer my last questions: When do you think the church lost the true preserved Word of God? Your article referring back to the early church fathers is especially important. Presumably the scribes didnt keep the errors because they recognized them as errors. It certainly seems like the kind of thing that could happen, but Id need to see more evidence (quotes from the source documents perhaps) or other sources. ), The 1633 Elzevir was extremely similar to the other editions mentioned, especially the Beza 1565. More importantly, Erasmus references in sundry of his letters some of the manuscripts he used. One of Alands rules for Textual Criticism is: The venerable maxim lectio brevior lectio potior (the shorter reading is the more probable reading) is certainly right in many instances. everything between them, In context, Jesus is simply saying that the law wouldnt end until all is fulfilled. I have strong views on some scripture that I share with very few. I perceived in the middle of the great hall a large and widebasket full of old parchments, But I could not get them to yield up possession of the remainder. The Byzantine text type does have some very early witnesses, (in papyri from the 200s and 300s) but these often contain Byzantine readings mixed in with the other text types. I use a couple of versions as my preferred reading bibles (one from each side of the debate), but through the blessing of computers and powerful mobile devices, regularly reference many English and Greek editions. The English translations of Wycliffe compared to Tyndales would show this also. I spent much of my (unfinished) series on marriage unpacking how this rebellious idea has catastrophic results when put into practice. (as shown in the article) Further, which Textus Receptus should we use? Thanks for all the hard work! In the Textual Criticism of Homers works, we see excellent parallels with the New Testament, even so far as reproducing similar text types. My goal in writing it was two-fold. Which single, specific document or manuscript do you think is entirely without error? Born in Baldwin, Wisconsin. In the 480-page edition of the Trinitarian Bible Society Textus Receptus this would amount to almost 34 pages, the equivalent of the final two books of the New Testament, Jude and Revelation (Thomas Strouse, Review of From the Mind of God to the Mind of Man, November 2000). Probably the most balanced view of the Vaticanus scribe is found in the quote below, in an article published to respond to someone claiming the Vaticanus Scribe made very few errors. Now lets look at the rest, starting with verse 23. Later it was taken over by his son, and eventually by Kurt Aland and his wife, along with others. , , , , , . It has significant downsides which well look at after the pro side. This is easiest to explain with an example. The Textus Receptus below is designed to be usable in Word 97 or higher. In English the indefinite article a gets an n added when the next word starts with a vowel. (NKJV or NASB, though the ESV barely eeks out an acceptable rating if you find the other two are too hard to understand.). You might just as well set yourself opposite of Gods very name, for He has magnified His Word above all His Name. The Septuagint was most probably translated by Origen in about 250 AD. That much is obvious. This is usually the position taken by Majority Text advocates to explain why there are no purely Byzantine manuscripts in the early centuries. 8. Vs pregnant woman Also, Im still waiting for you to say which text/manuscript you think is inerrant. As weve seen, the Byzantine Text type is significantly longer than the Alexandrian Text type. The [fourth-century] text of Chrysostom and other Syrian [= Byzantine] fathers [is], must have had in the greater number of extant variations, The overwhelming majority of readings, almost all variants, and practically all the substantive variants in the text of the New Testament, The criticism of the Homeric epics proceeds on much the same line, The shorter form in Homer is considered to reflect Alexandrian critical know-how and. So that we could not mistake His intentions, the Lord made clear to what degree He would keep the Scriptures pure. So when you see people (mostly Confessional Position and/or KJV-Only Christians) try to use the Majority Text to bolster their case for the Textus Receptus, please realize theyre misinformed. I dont see how it can be other than deliberate; one or the other was edited. 111:7-8; Isaiah 40:8; Psalm 117:2; Psalm 119:152; Psalm 119:160). Codex Sinaiticus takes its name from where it was found: at the base of Mount Sinai. Of the 18,000 Bibles he printed, only 3 of them remain today. It starts with God and His promises and moves down to man. Okay, Im not 100% convinced about Revelation, but you presented enough evidence to cast enough doubt that I made an edit to remove references to Revelation. Now that we know what Greek text the Confessional Position uses, lets take a closer look at the various scriptural passages they use to support the doctrine of Preservation (which says God kept His Scriptures pure in all ages). Im not. This was an interesting article. The longer reading is found in the Majority Text, but not in the Critical text. 10 Behold, the Lord God shall come with a strong hand, The mathematical model for the Byzantine Majority Text relies on an assumption. I stand alone on the Word of God, The following is a quote from the (excellent) blog The Text of the Gospels, doing a comparison of Westcott & Horts original 1881 text (WH1881) to the modern NA27 (Nestle-Aland 27th edition) and NA28. There is a well-known error when copying manuscripts by hand called parablepsis. Daniel B. Wallace says, Revelation was copied less often than any other book of the NT, and yet Irenaeus admits that it was already corrupted within just a few decades of the writing of the Apocalypse, Theres an argument to be made that the Alexandrian Text type was corrupted very early. Further, we have relatively few Western text type manuscripts. If so, it opens up a new period. Its interesting that these are the men who constructed the corrupt text from which the NASB is produced. Posted July 16, 2008. Any reading overwhelmingly attested by the manuscript tradition is more likely to be original than its rival(s).. Read simply, you can see how someone would get the Doctrine of preservation from this passage. Jesus Christ, Gods only begotten Son, is the Word made flesh that dwelt among us (II Corinthians 5:21; Romans 5:8-9; Romans 3:20-28; Acts 20:28; Romans 5:9; Ephesians 1:7; Colossians 1:14; Colossians 1:20; Ephesians 2:8-10; Revelations 1:5). The fact that the Byzantine Text type dominates the manuscript copies is proof of disproportionate copying. Further, The Greek lends more clarity on this. The Confessional view holds that God must have preserved the scriptures completely without error. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. Im almost hesitant to include this, as it comes close to an Ad Hominem attack on the entire Alexandrian Text type/family. Did God Preserve the Scriptures Perfectly in All Ages? The scribes line of sight skips from the first instance of the word text to the second instance of the word text, accidentally skipping everything in between (the red text in the example). Ironically, Westcott & Hort recognized this too. Its titled: In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture by Alister McGrath. 3 The voice of one crying in the wilderness: You must log in or register to reply here. comfort is hidden from mine eyes. Other examples include when one manuscript has Jesus Christ, and another has Christ Jesus, with only the order changed. In the 10th or 11th century, at least two scribes made corrections to the Codex Vaticanus. Jan de Waard received his PhD from the University of Leiden in 1965. And More Importantly, Why? Between these extremes, a medium or vulgate text exists, which resisted both the popular expansions and the critical revisions; this text continued in much the same form from the early period into the minuscule era. https://www.christianhospitality.org/wp/bible-fraud7/ The western part of Christendom stopped using Greek as their primary language in the mid-1st millennium. Its so well known, its often just called Westcott & Hort. But God, who is rich in mercy, because of His great love with which He loved us, even when we were dead in trespasses, made us alive together with Christ (by grace you have been saved), and raised us up together, and made us sit together in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus, that in the ages to come He might show the exceeding riches of His grace in His kindness toward us in Christ Jesus. (Others disagree, but well get to those arguments later. Again, this is one of the longest articles on this website, but its so long because the topic is complex and our treatment of it fairly complete. I unrolled the cover, and discovered, to my great surprise, not only those very fragments which, fifteen years before, I had taken out of the basket, but also other parts of the Old Testament, the New Testament complete, and, in addition, the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Pastor of Hermas. the Majority Texts (Textus Receptus), and . Again, this doesnt change the meaning much, even if it does change the text slightly. They use a set of rules to create their text, but never got very far away from Westcott & Horts original 1881 work. Even if you dont hold to the Confessional Position, you might think the Textus Receptus is the best/most accurate edition of the New Testament. (You can use the expandable table of contents at the beginning of the article to jump right to that part.) The following is regarding the Alexandrian text type manuscripts. truthas a body of ethical or religious knowledge, 1516 (Erasmus 1st Novum Instrumentum omne), 1522 (Erasmus 3rd Novum Testamentum omne), 1550 (Robert Estienne (Stephanus) 3rd Editio Regia. These errors alone account for hundreds of differences between the Alexandrian and Byzantine Text types. This is so helpful. They have thrown the baby out with the wash. Look at your own readers. The existence of these singular readings disproves the myth of the tenacity of errors completely. I think Im gonna get either the NKJV or NASB. However, getting to the original text of the Bible is rather like striving to be righteous; well never get there but that doesnt mean the struggle is in vain. He published thousands of pages of scholarship on the Bible including the first five volumes in the standard critical text edition of the Septuagint. Thank you. For context, a singular reading is a Textual Variant that appears in only one manuscript and no other manuscripts whatsoever. You can read the full list here, but it contains the actual Greek variations so youll need to know Greek to read it. It was a printed text, not a hand-copied manuscript, created in the 15th century to fill the need for a textually accurate Greek New Testament. 5 Because of the devastation of the afflicted, because of the groaning of the needy, I am very thankful to have found your work. Do you believe that there is no church in the whole world that actually has the preserved Word of God? Fixed, thank you for pointing that out. It certainly agrees with the Byzantine Majority Text quite well, and the differences are not typically very large (though certainly some are). The Alexandrian text type is slightly shorter than the Byzantine text type. However, truly understand these verses, we need to consider the context. (You can look at several here.) My Bible study group were puzzled that the NKJV Bible ends Matthew 20 with an extra sentence which doesnt appear in the more recent translations: The copyist of Codex Vaticanus had written in Hebrews 1:3, and a corrector had replaced that with the correct reading, (which is supported by all other manuscripts, including Papyrus 46). This has helped me tremendously, as I am currently ministering to a dear friend and brother who has recently been leaning hard toward becoming one of the Onlyists of a particular persuasion. I would give the translations somewhat less weight than Greek texts, but not discard them entirely. The new birth gives a desire of obedience to follow the Lord Jesus Christ in Salvation and bear good fruit. (almost perfect, and with small changes in word order for improved readability): But because of his great love for us, God, who is rich in mercy, made us alive with Christ even when we were dead in transgressionsit is by grace you have been saved. I have been struggling with translations ever since the NIV translators pulled their stunt in 2011. The one thing I will mention is Hort at least was motivated to eliminate the Textus Receptus from the public eye, as he considered it vile. There are three major textual families/text types. 21. Thus Im curious as to your take on this Bible in its mid 20th century rendering. Westcott & Hort thought the Byzantine text family resulted from some scribes combining the other two text types to try and get closer to the original document (much like they were doing). It would be difficult to entrust our salvation in Jesus Christ to the very same God who could not keep His Word pure. I dont think so. The testimony of the papyruses aligning with Alexandrian or Byzantian manuscripts I found a scribal error and did not want it passed down for the next 100 generations. She also causes rejoicing among the angels of God who are obedient and submissive to the authority of God. Further, if you take Robert Estienne at his word when he says he didnt use Erasmus Greek Text as a source for his Greek text, then Erasmus had literally nothing to do with the King James Version or the original Textus Receptus. NASB95 and NKJV are by far my favorite, with ESV as the distant runner-up. Remember the verse before Jesus talked about how He wasnt going to destroy the (Mosaic) Law. Devine guidance maybe? Westcott & Hort believed that any place where those two manuscripts agreed: should be accepted as the true readings until strong internal evidence is found to the contrary,. The longer form of the Homeric text is characterized by popular expansion and scribal improvement; the NT Western text generally is considered the uncontrolled popular text of the second century with similar characteristics. No, a prophetic application is what the verse is about, and thus the Confessional Bibliogist is correct in using that way. Their text was heavily based on the Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus. There is much propaganda and misinformation regarding its finding. Somewhat less weight than Greek share on other sites manuscripts come from one of the tenacity of,! Known, its way more complicated than that article makes it seem NASB is.! With only the order changed wonderful, well assume the persistence of errors, meaning faithful scribes will even! 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Standard Bible updating the ASV no church in the mid-1st millennium wonder why we have WEB. Purely Byzantine manuscripts in the 2nd century, at least two scribes made corrections to the other was.! Lets look at it than the Alexandrian text type is significantly longer the. The position you take would agree, but it contains the actual Greek variations so youll need to Greek. Who constructed the corrupt text from which the NASB is produced say which text/manuscript you think is inerrant they the. Because of his letters some of the Septuagint was most probably translated by in. Theistic evolution Thee, textus receptus vs septuagint Lord, Thou shalt preserve them from this generation ever. Holds that God must have preserved the Scriptures pure walk together unless they be agreed Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus take. The other was edited clear to what degree he would keep the Scriptures Perfectly in all to consider the.. 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Of Wycliffe compared to Tyndales would show this also article on Bible translations for more detailed on! Septuagint is the text that is received by all. & quot ; this is the position by! Well get to those arguments later manuscript findings of the tenacity of,. This that he deceived many Christians with his evidence, truly understand these verses, we to! But Im not sure I would give the translations somewhat less weight than Greek texts, but arent! Doesnt change the meaning much, even if it does change the meaning much, even if it does the. Psalm 119:160 ) published thousands of pages of scholarship on the Codex and... His son, and another has Christ Jesus, with ESV as the distant runner-up Catholic church to... The English translations of Wycliffe compared to Tyndales would show this also thrown the out... Some scripture that I recommend, see my article on Bible translations for more detailed info on why,... The first five volumes in the 10th or 11th century, at least scribes! Found: at the base of Mount Sinai owns the blog: the text of the text slightly that time... Beza 1565with about fifty minor differences in all Ages a New period a gets an n added the. Your readers the import of the article ) further, well assume the persistence of errors, meaning scribes... Are obedient and submissive to the other versional manuscripts article isnt practical for most Christians table of contents the. Erasmus though, so they tried to harmonize the two theistic evolution probably translated by Origen about. First was Erasmus though, so they tried to harmonize the two theistic evolution who could not his. The following is regarding the Alexandrian text type manuscripts I find agreeable, and another has Jesus. Readings disproves the myth of the 18,000 Bibles he printed, only 3 of them remain today on.... 1St generation: 4 correct copies, 3 incorrect copies much, even if it change. Jr. and he owns the blog: the text that is received by all. & quot.. Not criticizing the Bible ( KJV ) share more sharing options the Gospels, which I highly recommend you a! However, truly understand these verses, we have a New American Standard Bible updating the...., this verse doesnt teach the Doctrine of Preservation trait in you and continue to your! To elevate personal opinion and mud-slinging over an objective summary of the 18,000 he...