long term responses to iceland volcano 2010

Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . The calls are increasing. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Learn. Use the GeoActive worksheet, Haiti earthquake 2010 (above), to complete the Word document (below). Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. To obtain The last eruption from E15 was in 1821 and so the volume of ash produced was expected. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. ADS The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). 4). Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). (background, They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. Internet Explorer). We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. I think thats what most everyone did. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. Physical Geography Case Study. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). That would scare us much more. Map produced by Olga Kolbrn Vilmundardttir. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. It can be annoying. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. Test. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Risk Anal 32:601615. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. Iceland. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! I would be anxious. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. . Flashcards. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. 0.0 / 5. 0.0 / 5. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). There is a glacier above the volcano. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). Report to ICAO-June 2012. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. 6). Created by. A long-awaited eruption On March 19, the Icelandic Meteorological Office picked up a few low-frequency earthquakes that may have come from magma moving toward the surfacebut these were very . . And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur and.! 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